tvheadend logs to syslog, so the extra logging information will go there, I think.
Regarding the -f and the fact that it always runs as root, how are you starting the application? Is this installed from a package, or have you compiled it yourself - and on what OS?
And what file are you editing? This isn't /etc/default/tvheadend, which is where I'd put the TVH_DEBUG=1 statement. I suspect that you may be setting it and then resetting it to 0 if /etc/default/tvheadend still contains TVH_DEBUG=0 (in the# Read configuration variable file if it is present bit)
Sorry, lots of questions, just trying to understand...